As a piece of Statistics coursework Essay Example

As a piece of Statistics coursework Essay As a piece of Statistics coursework, I have decided to compare two items of data, in order to prove, or disprove my theory: A countrys position in the Commonwealth games varies accordingly to that countrys population size.My theory is that a countrys position in something such as the Olympics or Commonwealth Games is proportional to that countrys population size. I say this because I believe that if a country has a large population, there will be more potential athletes to choose from.I am doing this because I would be genuinely interested in finding out whether or not this theory is true, and I believe that it is a theory that many people reading this essay would be curious in finding out. In addition, I am comparing the results from the Commonwealth Games, instead of something as renowned as the Olympic games because the Commonwealth Games are dominated by countries with very different traditions and cultures. Conversely, countries that dominate the Olympic games are countries such as France, England, or Germany, and are all countries that live a very western way of life similar to ours.In order to do the comparisons that I will need to make properly, I will use three different occasions of the Commonwealth Games, and then make an average for the number of medals awarded for each country. I will use the most recent of games 2002, 1998 and 1994. I will do this, as the data collected from these three games, will contain the data from each of the countries that enter, since in the first games in 1930, only a fraction of the countries that enter now entered. I will also use fifty different countries in order to give me a large enough sample size to make an accurate conclusion. Unfortunately though, all of the data that I will be collecting will be secondary data and not primary data as all of the data that I need is on the Internet.Firstly however, I must do a pilot test with ten samples in order to judge whether the data is suitable enough to be used.To find th is data, I went on the Internet and used an Internet search engine to find the Commonwealth Games official website. Fortunately, several answers came up, with one website having all of the data which I required. However, this data was unusable to me, as I had to sort it. Below is what the data looked like in its original form from the website www.commonwealthgames.com:CountryMedals WonGoldSilverBronzeTotalAustralia826263207Bahamas4048Bangladesh1001Barbados0011Botswana0213Cameroon91212Canada314144116Cayman Islands0011Cyprus2114England545160165Fiji1113Ghana0011Guyana1001India30221769Jamaica46717Kenya48416Lesotho0011Malaysia791834Malta0011Mauritius0011Mozambique1001Namibia1045Nauru25815New Zealand11132145Nigeria531119Northern Ireland2215Pakistan1348Samoa0123Scotland681630Singapore42713South Africa9201746St. Kitts1001St. Lucia0011Tanzania1012Trinidad ; Tobago0101Uganda0202Wales6131231Zambia1113Zimbabwe1102As you can see, all of this data is not sorted in a manner that is usable to me. S o therefore, I will sort it into descending order, using Excel, by the total number of medals awarded. Since I will not need the data for the amount of gold, silver and bronze medals awarded to each country, I will delete those columns and have merely the total number of medals.Below is the sorted data:CountryNo. Medals AwardedAustralia207England165Canada116India69South Africa46New Zealand45Malaysia34Wales31Scotland30Nigeria19Jamaica17Kenya16Nauru15Singapore13Cameroon12Bahamas8Pakistan8Namibia5Northern Ireland5Cyprus4Botswana3Fiji3Samoa3Zambia3Tanzania2Uganda2Zimbabwe2Bangladesh1Barbados1Cayman Islands1Ghana1Guyana1Lesotho1Malta1Mauritius1Mozambique1St. Kitts1St. Lucia1Trinidad ; Tobago1As you can see, all of the data that I collected contains integers, instead of decimals, since you cannot have a fraction of a medal. This is ideal considering that there will be, as a consequence, no rounding error in totalling the average amount of medals awarded to each country in the collecting o f data from three of the games.Unfortunately, I soon realised after glancing at this data, that the data that I collected does not contain the data for all of the countries that enter the Commonwealth Games. Only thirty-nine countries were mentioned although I needed at least fifty different countries in order to give me a large enough sample size, and since I knew that there were more than fifty countries that enter the Commonwealth Games.In order to get the data for all of the countries that enter, I had to go to another section of that website. However, I couldnt get all of the countries in a list, they simply gave me a listing of the countries by locality. In addition, it was impossible to copy and paste the data, so I had to type each one out individually. Below is an example of how the data was originally shown on screen:As you can see, the information was split up into six different localities Asia, Oceania, Europe, Caribbean and Americas. Once I had typed down the name of e ach country, I had all of the data that I needed. Below is a copy of the completed list of countries that I found:AnguillaAntigua BarbudaAustraliaBahamasBangladeshBarbadosBelizeBermudaBotswanaBritish Virgin IslandsBruneiCameroonCanadaCayman IslandsCook IslandsCyprusDominicaEnglandFalkland IslandsFijiGambiaGhanaGibraltarGrenadaGuernseyGuyanaIndiaIsle of ManJamaicaJerseyKenyaKiribatiLesothoMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaltaMauritiusMontserratMozambiqueNamibiaNauruNew ZealandNigeriaNiueNorfolk IslandsNorthern IrelandPakistanPapua New GuineaSamoaScotlandSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSolomon IslandsSouth AfricaSri LankaSt HelenaSt KittsSt LuciaSt Vincent The GrenadinesSwazilandTanzaniaTongaTrinidad TobagoTurks CalcosTuvaluUgandaVanuatuWalesZambiaZimbabweInserting the missing data was easy since presumably, all of the countries that they neglected to mention, obtained no medals. In addition, the countries that are there total seventy-two, which is easily the amount of samples that I require . Regardless of the countries getting no medals, they are still valid sample units as zero is still a number.But before any comparison in this exercise can be made I must find each countrys population size. To do this, I will go on the World Factbooks website http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html that I obtained from the Internet search engine Ask Jeeves.After viewing the website, I discovered that it told me any data that I wanted for any country in the world. All I had to do was select the country that I wanted the data to be displayed for. Therefore, I searched for each of the countries individually and then recording the population in Excel to be sorted later.Below is the data that I collected from The World Factbooks website after I found the missing countries, sorted in alphabetical order:CountryPopulation (recorded in 2002)Anguilla12,446Antigua ; Barbuda67,448Australia19,546,792Bahamas300,529Bangladesh133,376,684Barbados276,607Belize262,999Bermuda63,960Bot swana1,591,232British Virgin Islands21,272Brunei350,898Cameroon16,184,748Canada31,902,268Cayman Islands36,273Cook Islands20,811Cyprus767,314Dominica70,158England49,138,831Falkland Islands2,967Fiji856,346Gambia1,455,842Ghana20,244,154Gibraltar27,714Grenada89,211Guernsey64,587Guyana698,209Hong Kong7,303,334India1,045,845,226Isle of Man76,535Jamaica2,680,029Jersey89,775Kenya31,138,735Kiribati96,335Lesotho2,207,954Malawi10,701,824Malaysia22,662,365Maldives320,165Malta397,499Mauritius1,200,206Montserrat8,437Mozambique19,607,519Namibia1,820,916Nauru12,329New Zealand3,908,037Nigeria129,934,911Niue2,134Norfolk Islands1,866Northern Ireland1,685,267Pakistan147,663,429Papua New Guinea5,172,033Samoa178,631Scotland5,062,011Seychelles80,098Sierra Leone5,614,743Singapore4,452,732Solomon Islands494,786South Africa43,647,658Sri Lanka19,576,783St Helena7,367St Kitts43054St Lucia150,157St Vincent ; The Grenadines120,519Swaziland1,123,605Tanzania37,187,939Tonga106,137Trinidad ; Tobago1,163,724Turks ; C alcos18,738Tuvalu11,146Uganda24,699,073Vanuatu196,178Wales2,903,085Zambia9,959,037Zimbabwe11,376,676Now that I have both the data for the countries population sizes and the amounts of medals awarded to them, I can test my theory in a pilot test.I will select ten different samples from the finite population that I collected using stratified random sampling. By saying random, I mean that the out coming country cannot be predicted and is chosen without conscious decision.There are many types of sampling that can be done including simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling, quota sampling, convenience sampling and opinion polls.Simple Random Sampling In this type of sampling, every sample unit within the population has an equal chance of being chosen.Stratified Sampling For this type of sampling, the population is divided into strata (categories) and then a random sample is chosen from each of the strata within the population. The size of each s ample is in proportion to the size of each stratum (category) within the population.Systematic Sampling As the name suggests, systematic sampling is where a regular pattern is devised to choose the sample. Every item in the population is listed and a starting point is chosen at random, with every nth item being selected.Cluster Sampling For cluster sampling, the population is divided into groups, or like the name suggested clusters. A random sample of groups or clusters is chosen and every item in the chosen cluster is surveyed.Quota Sampling In quota sampling, instructions are given concerning the amount (quota) of each section of the population to be sampled.Convenience Sampling Convenience sampling is by far the easiest sampling to make as it is, as the name suggests, convenient. The most convenient sample is chosen which for thirty countries, could be the first thirty countries in the list.Opinion Polls Opinion polls, as the name suggests are large-scale opinion polls that often use a combination of cluster and quota sampling.As you can see, stratified sampling is the most suited type of sampling that I can use. Stratification of sampling is necessary when the sampling frame is significantly non-homogeneous (which tends to be true of most human populations and I believe is true of this exercise). Some characteristics will be shared but most will be influenced by cultural, socio-economic, gender, religious and ethnic differences. For example, I believe that countries in the developing world (e.g. Zimbabwe, Malaysia), who do not have the benefit of the intense training that athletes in the developed world (e.g. England, Australia) endure, will not win as many medals.Firstly, I will categorise each the population into stratum. I will do this by using the method in which the Commonwealth Games website used separating each country into that countrys locality (Asia, Oceania, Europe, Caribbean and the Americas).Below are the strata that I have made:LOCALITY COUNTRYPOPULATION (2002)AmericasBelize262,999Bermuda63,960Canada31,902,268Falkland Islands2,967Guyana698,209St Helena7,367AfricaBotswana1,591,232Cameroon16,184,748Gambia1,455,842Ghana20,244,154Kenya31,138,735Lesotho2,207,954Malawi10,701,824Mauritius1,200,206Mozambique19,607,519Namibia1,820,916Nigeria129,934,911Seychelles80,098Sierra Leone5,614,743South Africa43,647,658Swaziland1,123,605Uganda24,699,073Tanzania37,187,939Zambia9,959,037Zimbabwe11,376,676AsiaBangladesh133,376,684Brunei350,898India1,045,845,226Malaysia22,662,365Maldives320,165Pakistan147,663,429Singapore4,452,732Sri Lanka19,576,783CaribbeanAnguilla12,446Antigua and Barbuda67,448Bahamas300,529Barbados276,607British Virgin Islands21,272Cayman Islands36,273Dominica70,158Grenada89,211Jamaica2,680,029Montserrat8,437St Kitts43,054St Lucia150,157St Vincent ; The Grenadines120,519Trinidad ; Tobago1,163,724Turks ; Calcos18,738EuropeEngland49,138,831Cyprus767,314Gibraltar27,714Guernsey64,587Isle of Man76,535Jersey89,775Malta397,4 99Northern Ireland1,685,267Scotland5,062,011Wales2,903,085OceaniaAustralia19,546,792Cook Islands20,811Fiji856,346Kiribati96,335Nauru12,329New Zealand3,908,037Niue2,134Norfolk Islands1,866Papua New Guinea5,172,033Samoa178,631Solomon Islands494,786Tonga106,137Tuvalu11,146Vanuata196,178Now that I have made the strata, I can now take samples from them. Before I can do this, I must determine the number of samples that will be chosen from each stratum -Samples to be taken from the Americas = ? (American Strata) x 50? (Population)= 6 x 5072= 0.083 x 50= 4.16= 4To avoid any confusion, I truncated the answer, which means that I simply cut off the decimal. This will negate any rounding errors that may occur. I will do this for each of the other strata.Now that I have determined the number of samples to be chosen from the Americas, I must use a way to decide which sample will be chosen. In order to do this, I will use the random number generator on my calculator. The random number generator ch ooses, at random, a decimal number. Then I must simply multiply that number by the number of sample units that there are within that stratum. Since if you were to get a small decimal, when you multiplied it by any integer, the answer will be less that 1 so therefore, I will add 1 to the answer. Seeing that the random number generator will only give me a number, I will have to label each of the sample units within the strata. Below are the listings that I have created for the Americas -LOCALITYCOUNTRYPOPULATION (2002)NUMBER LISTINGAmericasBelize262,9991Bermuda63,9602Canada31,902,2683Falkland Islands2,9674Guyana698,2095St Helena7,3676Now that I have created a listing for each sample unit, I will use the random number generator in order to pick a unit at random. Now I must do this four different times.1st sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 6) + 1= (0.81 x 6) + 1= 4.86 + 1= 5.86= 52nd sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 6) + 1= (0.112 x 6) + 1= 0.672 + 1= 1.672= 13rd sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 6) + 1= (0.381 x 6) + 1= 2.286 + 1= 3.286= 34th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 6) + 1= (0.785 x 6) + 1= 4.71+ 1= 5.71= 5As you can see, 5 has appeared once already, so I must try again -4th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 6) + 1= (0.638 x 6) + 1= 3.828 + 1= 4.428= 4Now that I have chosen the sample units to be chosen, which are 5,1,3,4, I can now translate those numbers to the countries, Guyana, Belize, Canada and Falkland Islands.Since I have chosen the sample units that will be chosen from the Americas, I will now choose the sample units for Africa. But first, I will need to create a listing for Africa, much like I did for the Americas -LOCALITYCOUNTRYPOPULATION (2002)NUMBER LISTINGAfricaBotswana1,591,2321Cameroon16,184,7482Gambia1,455,8423Ghana20,244,1544Kenya31,138,7355Lesotho2,207,9546Malawi10,701,8247Mauritius1,200,2068Mozambique19,607,5199Namibia1,820,91610Nigeria129,934,91111Seychelles80,09812Sierra Leone5,614,74313South Africa43,647 ,65814Swaziland1,123,60515Uganda24,699,07316Tanzania37,187,93917Zambia9,959,03718Zimbabwe11,376,67619Now I will need to find out how many samples will need to be taken from this stratum -Samples to be taken from the Africa = ? (Africa Strata) x 50? (Population)= 19 x 5072= 0.2638 x 50= 13.19= 13Therefore, I will need to choose 13 different samples from the stratum -1st sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 19) + 1= 13.319 + 1= 14.319= 142nd sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 19) + 1= 1.387 + 1= 2.387= 23rd sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 19) + 1= 18.131 + 1= 19.131= 194th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 19) + 1= 10.051 + 1= 11.051= 115th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 19) + 1= 8.018 + 1= 9.018= 96th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 19) + 1= 15.884 + 1= 16.884= 167th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 19) + 1= 16.562 + 1= 17.562= 178th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 19) + 1= 0.114 + 1= 1.114= 19th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 19) + 1= 2.66 + 1= 3.66= 310th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 19) + 1= 4.218 + 1= 5.218= 511th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 19) + 1= 11.628 + 1= 12.628= 1212th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 19) + 1= 17.043 + 1= 18.043= 1813th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 19) + 1= 12.065 + 1= 13.065= 13As you can see, I have chosen the four different sample units to be chosen, which translates to the countries, South Africa, Cameroon, Tanzania, Nigeria, Mozambique, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Gambia, Kenya, Seychelles, Zambia and Sierra Leone.Now, like Africa and the Americas, I will label the different countries for Asia -LOCALITYCOUNTRYPOPULATION (2002)NUMBER LISTINGAsiaBangladesh133,376,6841Brunei350,8982India1,045,845,2263Malaysia22,662,3654Maldives320,1655Pakistan147,663,4296Singapore4,452,7327Sri Lanka19,576,7838Samples to be taken from the Asia = ? (Asia Strata) x 50? (Population)= 8 x 5072= 0.111 x 50= 5.555= 51st sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 8) + 1 = 1.464 + 1= 2.464= 22nd sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 8) + 1= 2.416 + 1= 3.416= 33rd sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 8) + 1= 7.704 + 1= 8.704= 84th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 8) + 1= 4.632 + 1= 5.632= 55th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 8) + 1= 0.704 + 1= 1.704= 1These numbers translate to the countries, Brunei, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Bangladesh.Now I must repeat the procedure for the Caribbean -LOCALITYCOUNTRYPOPULATION (2002)NUMBER LISTINGCaribbeanAnguilla12,4461Antigua and Barbuda67,4482Bahamas300,5293Barbados276,6074British Virgin Islands21,2725Cayman Islands36,2736Dominica70,1587Grenada89,2118Jamaica2,680,0299Montserrat8,43710St Kitts43,05411St Lucia150,15712St Vincent ; The Grenadines120,51913Trinidad ; Tobago1,163,72414Turks ; Calcos18,73815Samples to be taken from the Caribbean = ? (Caribbean Strata) x 50? (Population)= 15 x 5072= 0.208 x 50= 10.416= 101st sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 15) + 1= 5.025 + 1= 6.025= 62nd sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 15) + 1= 10.845 + 1= 11.845= 113rd sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 15) + 1= 8.94 + 1= 9.94= 94th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 15) + 1= 11.715 + 1= 12.715= 125th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 15) + 1= 0.39 + 1= 4.39= 46th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 15) + 1= 9.135 + 1= 10.135= 107th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 15) + 1= 0.315 + 1= 1.315= 18th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 15) + 1= 7.485 + 1= 8.485= 89th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 15) + 1= 14.685 + 1= 15.685= 1510th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 15) + 1= 13.425 + 1= 14.425= 14These numbers translate to the countries, Cayman Islands, St Kitts, Montserrat, St Lucia, Barbados, Jamaica, Anguilla, Grenada, Turks ; Calcos and Trinidad ; TobagoNow I will do the same for Europe -LOCALITYCOUNTRYPOPULATION (2002)NUMBER LISTINGEuropeEngland49,138,8311Cyprus767,3142Gibraltar27,7143Guernsey64,5874Isle of Man76,5355Jersey89,7756Malta3 97,4997Northern Ireland1,685,2678Scotland5,062,0119Wales2,903,08510Samples to be taken from Europe = ? (Europe Strata) x 50? (Population)= 10 x 5072= 0.138 x 50= 6.944= 61st sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 10) + 1= 9.83 + 1= 10.83= 102nd sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 10) + 1= 6.26 + 1= 7.26= 73rd sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 10) + 1= 4.18 + 1= 5.18= 54th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 10) + 1= 2.2 + 1= 3.2= 35th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 10) + 1= 5.83 + 1= 6.83= 66th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 10) + 1= 7.21 + 1= 8.21= 8These numbers translate to the countries, Wales, Malta, the Isle of Man and Gibraltar, Jersey and Northern Ireland.I must now repeat the procedure once more for the region of Oceania -LOCALITYCOUNTRYPOPULATION (2002)NUMBER LISTINGOceaniaAustralia19,546,7921Cook Islands20,8112Fiji856,3463Kiribati96,3354Nauru12,3295New Zealand3,908,0376Niue2,1347Norfolk Islands1,8668Papua New Guinea5,172,0339Samoa178,63110Solomo n Islands494,78611Tonga106,13712Tuvalu11,14613Vanuata196,17814Samples to be taken from Oceania = ? (Oceania Strata) x 50? (Population)= 14 x 5072= 0.194 x 50= 9.722= 91st sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 14) + 1= 1.064 + 1= 2.064= 22nd sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 14) + 1= 7.938 + 1= 8.938= 83rd sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 14) + 1= 6.384 + 1= 7.384= 74th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 14) + 1= 13.636 + 1= 14.636= 145th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 14) + 1= 5.936 + 1= 6.936= 66th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 14) + 1= 10.64 + 1= 11.64= 117th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 14) + 1= 4.86 + 1= 5.86= 58th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 14) + 1= 12.838 + 1= 13.838= 139th sample unit to be chosen = (Random # x 14) + 1= 2.428 + 1= 3.428= 3These numbers translate to the countries, the Cook Islands, Norfolk Islands, Niue, Vanuata, New Zealand, the Solomon Islands, Nauru, Tuvalu and Fiji.I have now collected all of the sampl es that I will be using. Below is the complete listing of the countries that I have chosen through the random number generator and through stratified sampling -REGIONCOUNTRYAmericasGuyanaBelizeCanadaFalkland IslandsAfricaSouth AfricaCameroonZimbabweNigeriaMozambiqueUgandaTanzaniaBotswanaGambiaKenyaSeychellesZambiaSierra LeoneAsiaBruneiIndiaSri LankaMaldivesBangladeshCaribbeanCayman IslandsSt KittsMontserratSt LuciaBarbadosJamaicaAnguillaGrenadaTurks ; CalcosTrinidad ; TobagoEuropeWalesMaltaIsle of ManGibraltaJerseyNorthern IrelandOceanaCook IslandsNorfolk IslandsNiueVanuataNew ZealandSolomon IslandsNauruTuvaluFijiNOTE: There are 47 countries here instead of the originally intended 50. This is because of errors in truncating the number of samples to be taken.Now I shall compare each countrys population with their amount of total number of medals awarded -CountryAverage No. of Medals AwardedPopulation SizeGuyana0698,209Belize0262,999Canada10931,902,268Falkland Islands02,967South Afric a3843,647,658Cameroon816,184,748Zimbabwe411,376,676Nigeria13129,934,911Mozambique119,607,519Uganda224,699,073Tanzania237,187,939Botswana11,591,232Gambia01,455,842Kenya1631,138,735Seychelles180,098Zambia29,959,037Sierra Leone05,614,743Brunei0350,898India461,045,845,226Sri Lanka119,576,783Maldives0320,165Bangladesh0133,376,684Cayman Islands036,273St Kitts043,054Montserrat08,437St Lucia0150,157Barbados1276,607Jamaica112,680,029Anguilla012,446Grenada089,211Turks Calcos018,738Trinidad Tobago21,163,724Wales212,903,085Malta0397,499Isle of Man076,535Gibraltar027,714Jersey089,775Northern Ireland61,685,267Cook Islands020,811Norfolk Islands01,866Niue02,134Vanuata0196,178New Zealand403,908,037Solomon Islands0494,786Nauru812,329Tuvalu011,146Fiji2856,346Now I must compare this data. In order to this, I will do a scatter graph.

a bill essays

a bill essays Representative introduces the following bill, which was referred to the committee on January tenth twenty thousand and one. Section One: Cigarettes are killing the uneducated youth. This bill is targeted towards the youth and protecting them against making the terrible decision to smoke. This bill will change the amount of smokers because the bill is going to make cigarettes less a part of society and make them less desired. Section Two: Every year cigarettes kill more Americans than were killed in World War 1, the Korean War, and Vietnam combined: Nearly as many as died in battle in World War 2. Each Year cigarettes kill five times more Americans than Traffic accidents. Lung cancer alone kills as many as die on the road. The cigarette industry is peddling a deadly weapon. It is dealing in peoples lives for financial gain. (Federal Drug Administration) The cigarette companies are deal ling the lives of lived ones for financial gain. The Tobacco industry doesnt just want your money it wants you life. The more death is has to announce is another way the cigarette word gets around. The cigarette company is ruthless when it comes to the lives, the more smokers, the more money. The youth replace the 1,200 people that die each day from smoking. Each day more than 3,000 young people become regular smokers- more than one million new smokers each year, 90 percent, which are going to be children. (Teen Smoking. Ayer, Eleanor H. 1999) The Federal drug Administration has proved the harmful life long effects of smoking and yet the educated youth still continue to smoke. The cigarette companies need 1,200 smokers to replace the others that die each day. The youth is they. Smoking ads are put up mostly promote smoking in people 21 and younger they portray an image that are easily involuntarily picked up by children. The ads promise glamour, sexual attraction, athletic prowess, success, in...

Ethics as an un-necessary consideration to be successful in a Essay

Ethics as an un-necessary consideration to be successful in a competitive business environment - Essay Example Ethics as an un-necessary consideration to be successful in a competitive business environment Some of theorists has different ideas they said that self interest would require for a business to fulfil the law and adhere to essential ethical rules, because the cost of fading to do so might be extremely expensive in fines, loss of licensure, or company status. The economist Milton Friedman was an important advocate of this vision. Other theorists argue that a business has ethical duties that expand well past serving the comfort of its owners or stockholders, and that these duties consist of more than just following the law. They think a business has ethical responsibilities to supposed stakeholders, people who have a concern in the manner of the business, which might comprise employees, customers, vendors, the local community, or even society as a whole. They would state that stakeholders have firm privileges with regard to how the business works, and several would even propose that this even comprise rights of governance. The confirmation and fraction of the problem is the scarcity of data is varied. Surely, people are more aware of ethics in business. There is extra conversation between managers, and a few high-profile cases of companies doing their top to do the correct thing. But what is mainly astonishing is how little things have in reality changed. As ethics codes are commonplace, ethical mores remains all too uncommon. Information on whistleblowers specifies that for the most part are still disliked by their company and aristocracy, with many anguish relegation or absolute job loss. Accounting and responsibility have been the main concerns for restores belief, yet as recently as last quarter, the central accounting supervisory body in the U.S. reported that up to half of the yearly reports for 2004 had severe indiscretion in them. Clients are too sending diverse signals. They are usually smarter regarding ethical reflections yet do not essentially pursue through their concerns or morals in getting decisions. In the U.K., which has perhaps the most developed methods and trainings for business responsibility, sales for ethical brands are exploding, albeit from a tiny base. Corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility in general designates an enterprise's actions health and safety, ecological protection, customer security, society development, dealer relations, labour protection and personnel practices, as well as strategy sort such as production authority, business morals and stakeholder privileges. Stakeholders and the community in general are more and more aware of the impact of decisions by corporations on community and the surroundings. People recompense or penalize venture according to the means corporation's address commune's challenges. For their part, ventures are even more reaping the profits of corporate social responsibility in terms of enhanced status and branding, superior assessment by the investment community and stronger monetary act and profitability, for instance through eco-efficiency. Milton Friedman Friedman "was the most powerful economist of the second half of the 20th centurypossibly of all of it". (Alan Greenspan) "There are incredibly not many individuals over the generations who contain ideas that are suitably unique to significantly change the way of

Marketing case study (analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing case study (analysis) - Essay Example If I were Mrs. Mead, what should I do? Can my thoughts and opinion prevail over my salespeople’s views of market strategy which is only to deal with customers when they ask questions? The first question that I need to ask is: do I need to change employees and the sales force of my business? The answer to this is yes and no. Yes, because we really have to look on the quality of people that we can have in our business, aside from the quantity. In the case of Mrs. Mead’s business establishment, it seems there needs some realignment. Some managerial position has to be filled in. She doesn’t need to be an all-around manager-owner of the store. She can hire another qualified manager or supervisor, or can choose from among her trusted employees. Firth (2002) discusses in his book the subjects of â€Å"life and work† and organizational change. He cites Daryl R. Coner, considered one of the leading authorities on the subject of organization change and who has taken his learning to the boardrooms of such giants as Mobil Oil, JC Penney, Pepsico-Cola, Levi-Strauss and AT, and consulted organizations and governments. He recommends Coner’s â€Å"stance is to demystify the uncertainties of the human change with clear processes and vivid concepts† (Firth 74). Let us consider Mrs. Mead’s store as a business that needs organizational change. She could be missing some of the basics of organizational change. Her people need motivations and a change of attitude towards work and the organization they belong. To analyze more of Mrs. Mead’s situation, her store is located on the outskirts of the city. Why should this be in the outskirts? This means that the establishment is not strategically located. She must find a good location for her store where she can display the best of her products. And then the question: Why is Mrs. Mead targeting only the blue collar workers market? Can she not upgrade or change to some higher stratum like the white collar

Journalling Personal Experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Journalling Personal Experiences - Essay Example Yet, it’s is more fun for me to personally see the facial expression and body language of the person I am talking to. And hence suddenly not being able to see who I am talking to particularly when I am chatting with a group that I am not acquainted with can be quite perplexing. Yet, the whole endeavor is engaging and interesting especially when I am trying to keep the conversation going, choose carefully my statements, and sustain the interest of the person or group I am conversing with. In the chat room, these are more quite difficult to attain than in face-to-face interaction. Eventually, when I learned my way through the online environment, my opinion on this new approach of learning and teaching started to change. I guess†¦ I discerned many advantages and conveniences of online classes, especially if these are performed appropriately. So far all my online classes have been very successful because our professors used different means such as chat rooms, video conferenci ng, e-mail, etc. Even though the whole experience is far from being ‘real’, it really kept me motivated and involved. Entry # Time Task Behavior 2 12:00 pm- 1:00 pm Consulting a friend regarding whether to take an online course or a face-to-face class. If I had to choose between taking a course face-to-face and online, I would choose the latter. However if I discovered that the instructor did not know how to take advantage of or make the online learning setting efficient, if they are actually familiar with the online environment and know how to use it correctly, if they are then I would take a class online, otherwise, I would prefer face-to-face. Yet again I have to really be sure if the lecturer, professor, or instructor, whatever designation the person whose supervising the course has, has a proficient knowledge of the purpose, use, and importance of the online learning environment. It is an issue of convenience and practicality but also value and success of the learn ing experience. Thus I think I have to be prepared. I think I have to be dedicated to this endeavor because it is more demanding and challenging in a distinct manner. I think I have to be conscientious and professors should be always available online to address students’ concerns; if not, it is not successful†¦ and teachers cannot lead an online course and keep in touch with their students on a regular basis. It would be equivalent to not attending your classes. But I still believe that there should be face-to-face meetings as well, a substantial portion of the learning environment should be this way. It cannot be entirely online. That won’t work. I experienced taking an online course which does not meet face-to-face, even once. When I had things to clarify with the instructor, for instance, through the chat room, our streams of conversation were usually interrupted or, worst, lost in a barrage of questions, issues, and concerns popping out of the chat room all at the same time. Entry # Time Task Behavior 3 1:00 pm- 3:00 pm Meeting with a computer instructor to discuss about my problems with WebCT One of the things that take place in the online environment is the formation of peer groups, and I suppose I would not encourage any person from taking part in an online course that was merely random. I believe we have to develop that learning environment and have the help and advocacy of a peer to carry out a higher course online. I would suggest to all my pupils in

Psychoanalytic Theory And Reading Of Cultural Products Film Studies Essay

Psychoanalytic Theory And Reading Of Cultural Products Film Studies Essay The main concept of this essay is to point out how psychoanalytic theory could be used as a method of understanding and analyzing cultural products. The most valid approach for this is to observe how the cinema integrates psychoanalytical theories into specific film concepts. For this reason a Hitchcock film is used as an example, for it a common fact that there are many Freudian aspects in his movies. Specifically, Psycho is regarded by many film theorists and historians as the first psychoanalytic thriller (Kaganski as cited in Boulton, 2010). As implied by the title of the film, it is a movie whose plot is based on the Freudian Oedipus complex theory. First of all, it is noteworthy how the cinema developed a strong connection to psychoanalytic theories over the years. What is also interesting is the way in which a movie could be interpreted as a desire or a dreaming process. Moreover, in the second part of the essay, the correlation which Psycho has with psychoanalytical procedure is explored, in an effort to discover its kind and if it is actually the first psychoanalytic movie. Following a short presentation of the main plot, it is necessary to examine the nature of the Oedipus complex and how it is applied to the movie. Despite the fact that it remains the central psychoanalytic idea in the film, is not the only Freudian reference; the movie could also be interpreted through ego, superego and id psychoanalytic aspect. Finally, it is imperative to dissect the two protagonist characters and the famous murder scenes under the psychoanalytic perspective. CINEMA AND PSYCHOANALYSIS Cinema is considered to be among the most important institutions of the post modern society, one which serves numerous sociological purposes, through the use of art. The sociological perspective of cinema is but one side of the coin; the other side represents a more personal, more intimate psychoanalytical procedure. It is true that Freudian psychoanalysis is not a process concerned only with psychological models and consciousness. In modern society, psychoanalysis also constitutes a means of understanding works of great artistic and cultural values, such as cinematic films (Mertz, 1976). A movie could be experienced through the psychoanalytical lens in variety of diverse ways, such as the Freudian dream interpretation or as an object of our fantasy-desire (Lacan) or even as our identification through voyeurism (ibid). Freud characterizes the dream as the expression of a wish fulfilled; a movie could, conceivably, be seen as a dream, because on the screen we witness some of our desires being visualized. Spellbound and Marnie are two of Hitchcocks films that could be approached through the method of dream interpretation (Sandis, 2009). The history of the relation between psychoanalysis and cinema is divided into three periods. During the 30s, psychoanalysis became a familiar point of interest for the movie industry, although it was still somewhat superficial and had little to do with actual human behavior. After the Second World War, the references to psychoanalysis became even more apparent, because of the appearance of psychological problems. The Wars cinematic demonstration followed this optimistic evolution (Gale Dictionary of Psychoanalysis). Hitchcocks movies had a great impact in this certain period, mainly due to their deep connection with psychoanalytic concepts. Psycho (1960), North by Northwest (1959) or The birds (1963) are cultural works with oedipal themes in them. More recently psychoanalysis has been integrated in certain cinematic aspects as an objective cognitive method or even ridiculed method (for example in Woody Allens movie characters) (Gale Dictionary of Psychoanalysis). PSYCHO AND PSYCHOANALYSIS The movie is directed by Alfred Hitchcock and scripted by Joseph Stefano, who adapted the screenplay from the homonymous novel written by Robert Bloch. Blochs 1959 novel was based on the true story of a notorious psychotic serial killer, named Edward Gein. His murderous character has inspired many other serial killers such as Jame Gumb (Buffalo Bill) in the Silence of the Lambs (1991) (Dirks). The movie had a great impact in the 60s and since then Hitchcock is considered as the original creator of suspense. Psycho is so multilayered and complex a movie, that it reveals more and more of its essence with each viewing. This explains why there is such a controversy about what genre of movie it is. The main theme is mystery and Hitchcock promotes it with his unique direction technique. When the film was aired in theaters, he insisted that no one would have a seat after the film had started. Thus, the audiences speculated that something terrible was happening in the first few minutes (Dirks). Psycho is considered a film noir because it shares some common characteristics with those films but, at the same time, remains very peculiar. Through the perspective that a film noir conjures a universe where human desire fails to be fulfilled, Psycho could be regarded as one of those films (Palmer, 1986). Lacans object petite a theory is referred to an unattainable desire, such as Normans desire for Marion (Laplanche, Pontalis, 1986). There is also another theory which makes Psycho the first psychoanalytical movie (Kaganski as cited in Boulton). Specifically, it starts as a whodunit, then it is transformed into a horror film and then into a suspense film with elements of very dark, black comedy. However, if one digs deeper, it inevitably becomes apparent that the film is undoubtedly psychological with specific Freudian interpretations. Francois Truffaut has said: If Psycho had been intended as a serious picture, it would have been shown as a clinical case with no mystery or suspense. The material would have been used as a documentation of a case history (Truffaut as cited in Sandis, 2009:69). In addition to this aspect, Hitchcock has mentioned Probably the real Psycho story wouldnt have been emotional at all; it wouldve been terribly clinical (Hitchcock as cited in Sandis, 2009:70). He was referring to the real incident of mother obsessed Ed Gein, who used to dress up like his dead mother and had murdered about a dozen women (Sandis, 2009). The psychoanalytical view of the movie is illustrated as a parallel between Lila Cranes exploration of the gothic mothers house and the exploration of Bates divided mind. The Freudian element, which explains the construction of Normans personality, defines the concept of the story. First of all, there is a traumatic incident (matricide) causing a transfer of guilt (translated on this occasion into the Oedipus complex). This, in turn, causes a partial loss of the self and a deep identification with the victim (ibid). The story unfolds from this Freudian perspective. Thus, it is evident that Psycho is structured according to the psychoanalytic procedure. THE STORY Marion Crane is a Phoenix office worker, whose life falls short of her expectations. She cant get married with her boyfriend, Sam because he has to provide most of his money in alimony. One Friday her employer confided to her to deposit $40,000. Thinking that this is a good opportunity to take the money and start a new life, Marion leaves town, headed towards Sams store in California. A heavy rainstorm forces her to spend the night at Bates motel. The motel is managed by Norman Bates, a young man who has a very domineering mother. During the night Marion decides to return the money the next morning. Unfortunately, while she is taking a shower, an anonymous figure enters and stabs her to death. After extensive research, it is revealed that Norman has kept his mother to life through his split personality. Dominated by his mothers personality, Norman kills anyone he feels attracted to. In the final scene, we find Norman in prison, haunted by his mothers persona, thinking of how to prove her/his innocence. OEDIPUS COMPLEX Oedipus was the son of Laius and Jocasta, who was exiled from his homeland by his father because of a prophecy. The prophecy foretold that Oedipus would murder his own father. After many years Oedipus decided to discover his origins and returned to Thebes, where he met his father and, unwittingly fulfilling the prophecy, killed him. Then he was made king of the Thebans and was rewarded with the hand of Jocasta, who was his mother. When Oedipus realized that he had fulfilled the prophecy by killing his own father and having children with his mother, he blinded himself (Willner, 1982). Oedipus Rex is a famous Sophocles ancient Greek tragedy, which has been interpreted by Freud as nothing more or less than a wish fulfillment- the fulfillment of the wish of our childhood (Freud as cited in Willner, 1982). Specifically, Freud believes that boys are all destined to direct their first sexual impulse toward their mothers and their violent impulses toward their father. Under the, so called, positive form the complex is appeared as Oedipus story: death wish for the opponent who is the person of the same sex, the father and sexual desire for the person of the opposite sex, the mother. The Oedipus complex is experienced from 3 to 5 years old and is revived during the adolescent period. The liberation from this complex has to do with the healthy structuring of the personality (Laplanche, Pontalis, 1986). If the boy does not repress his sexual desire toward the Mother and does not identify himself with the Father, he cannot develop a normal personality. It is considered that the Oedipus complex is the main psychoanalytic idea of the movie and Norman Bates is its modern atypical version (Boulton, 2010). According to the films ending psychiatric speech: Now he was already dangerously disturbed, had been ever since his father died. His mother was a clinging, demanding woman, and for years the two of them lived as if there was no one else in the world. Then she met a manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and it seemed to Norman that she threw him over. Now that pushed him over the line and he killed them both (Boulton, 2010). Norman Bates did not manage to overcome his unconscious sexual desire toward his mother and acted out his also unconscious drive of killing the Father. That explains why the mother half of Normans mind has won (Boulton, 2010: 2). Psychiatrist Dr. Richmond illustrates that Norman has sexual desires for an attractive woman as normal men have, but his split personality does not allow him to develop a normal sexual intercourse. He explains to Lila (Marions sister) that When he (Norman) met your sister, he was touched by herà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦aroused by her. He wanted her. That set off the jealous mother and mother killed the girl! Now after the murder, Norman returned as if from a deep sleep. And like a dutiful son, covered up all traces of the crime he was convinced his mother had committed! (ibid: 2) Norman, driven by envy, killed his mother and her lover. In other words, he committed the crime of matricide, which is considered the most heinous and unpardonable crime and is especially unbearable for the son who commits it (Dirks). Trying to erase the crime in his own mind, he developed a split personality. As a result, he created an illusion that his mother was still alive. To make this illusion a physical reality, he stole her dead body and preserved it, using his taxidermist skills. In his delusional mind he played-acted and imagined that he was his mother and that she was as pathologically jealous of him as he was of her (ibid). In this way, he was acting as his mother and committed murders due to her jealousy. It is evident that he chose this horrific way to redeem himself from the matricide. EGO, SUPEREGO, ID Freud divided the human mind into three conflicting parts: the ego, the superego and the id. The ego rests between the id and the superego and provides us with a sense of self. It has to build a balanced relationship of dependency between the demands of the id and the imperatives of the superego (Laplanche, Pontalis, 1986). The id is comprised of innate biological drives, emotional impulses, instincts and dispositions. On the contrary, the ego is made up of those mental phenomena related to whatever environmental considerations constrain the id (Freud calls these the reality principle). For example, the basic id drive is hunger and it is constrained by ego beliefs about what food is available where (Sandis, 2009). Finally, the superego plays a role similar to that of a judge. Freud considers the moral consciousness, self-observation and the development of moral values and ideals as expressions of the superego. The superego is defined as the heir of the Oedipus complex in terms of par ental demands and prohibitions (Laplanche, Pontalis, 1986). Observing Norman Bates character through this theory, it is evident that he does not develop a strong enough ego in order to keep under control the powerful urges of both the id and the superego. Subsequently, the id and the superego manifest themselves as completely different personalities (Boulton, 2010). His sexual desire for Marion represents his id and her murder (murder of the sexual desire for Marion) represents an extreme expression of his superego. Norman Bates never detached himself from his mother and identified himself with the Father. Therefore he did not assimilate into what Lacan terms the symbolic order, the interconnected system of signs that every society constructs meaning and order around (Zizek as cited in Boulton 2010:2). Normans symbolic level is psychotic, so the superego acts in different ways. As Zizek (cited in Boulton, 2010:2) emphasized, it is the maternal superego that acts and dominates his mind. At times he can become both personalities. But most of the times the mother half put his mind under control. Freud compared the human mind to an iceberg. The tiny part of the iceberg, which appears above the water surface possibly, represents human perception. Below the surface lies a much darker, larger part of the iceberg representing the unconscious. There is no evidence if Hitchcock has ever come across the iceberg metaphor but he would have found it inspiring. Like Freud Hitchcock present us a certain familiar and ordinary picture that we are prepared to see (like the pick of the iceberg- conscious) but whose precise shape is always novel (the other part of the iceberg-unconscious). He also chose for his movies, ladies that appear cold as ice in order to reveal their oppressed thoughts and desires (Sandis, 2009). It is charming in terms of cinema suspense, for secret or repressed thoughts to rise to the surface. (Sandis, 2009) Furthermore, Slavoj Zizek (2005) compares the old, gothic house to the segmented personality of Norman Bates. The ground floor represents the ego and there he behaves as a normal son. The first flour represents the superego, where Norman is governed by the moral constrains of his mother. Finally the basement represents the id, the reservoir of the illicit drives of the psyche thats why his mothers skeleton is transferred there. The transfer of his mothers dead body from the first flour to the basement illustrates the deep connection of the id and the superego in Normans split personality. The exploration of the house is like a psychoanalytic process. Lila entered Normans bedroom and observed his personal items, which were a combination of childrens (boys and girls items) and adults things (signifying his disturbed personality) (Dirks). CHARACTERS Marion symbolizes the repressed woman of the modern America of the 60s, who tries to be emancipated. Judging from her sexual intercourses with her lover during lunch times in secret hotel rooms, one could say that she appears as an independent woman. On the other hand, she gets the money and leaves town, which means that she wants a different life, maybe more conventional, having a successful marriage. Normans character is the mirror-negative of Marion. She operates in the Name of the Father; Norman on the other hand, has not submitted to this paternal law and is entrapped in the desire of the mother' (Zizek as cited in Boulton, 2010). This theory is supported in terms of direction. As they stand together on the porch, the camera photographs the scene as if they were the two sides of the same coin, but Norman is also reflected in the glass window behind him (symbolizes his split personality) (Dirks). Norman Bates could be considered as a good looking, boyishly version of Sam (Marions boyfriend). As their encounter develops, however, this possibility is eradicated because it becomes obvious that he is not capable of adult sexuality, being held in sexual bondage with his mother (Palmer, 1986). As he mentions: -Norman: Do you know what I think? I think that were all in our private traps. Clamped in them. And none of us can ever get out. We scratch and claw, but only at the air, only at each other. And for all of it we never budge an inch. -Marion: Sometimes we deliberately step into those traps. (Psycho, 1960) Each of them gives different meaning to the word trap. Trap for Marion is the theft of the money or maybe her relationship with Sam. For a moment Norman seems that he speaks frankly, being conscious of his fragmented psyche. Unfortunately, after the discourse only Marion is capable of being subject to moral self-examination, deciding to return the money next morning. MURDER SCENES The shower murder scene is among the most famous in the history of cinema. The major film star-Marion- is stabbed to death after the first 47 minutes of the movies start. Even if someone has not seen the movie, he has undoubtedly seen this specific scene. It took a fully week to complete, using 70 cameras, fast cut editing of 78 film pieces and a naked stand in model (Marli Renfo) (Dirks). Despite the fact that it is one of the most jargonistic and violent scenes there is only implied violence because at no time does the knife penetrate into her body. In only instant one the knife touches her belly (ibid). However, it is the scene that made females, including Janet Leigh (Marion) not being able to take a shower for a very long time (Sullivan, 2006). Murdering Marion while she was taking a shower with a knife is not a coincidental choice. On the contrary it has a deeper meaning in terms of direction and psychoanalysis. Until that moment, Marion was the main protagonist of the film and the epicenter of the plot was her feeling guilty for thieving the money. Taking a shower, the water washes away her guilt and rejuvenates her (Dirks). There is an irony here, at the moment she was relieved someone entered and took her life violently. Moreover, the knife in Freudian terms is a phallic symbol. In this weird and abnormal way, Norman satisfied both his desires: the jealousy of his mother and his own desire, penetrating into the female body, using his knife. Marions dead body is standing on the cold floor, mixed with ejaculatory spurts of blood dripping down her legs from various gashes, which symbolizes a violent and deadly rape (ibid). Zizek with his documentary The Perverts Guide to Cinema (2005) underlines that after Marions murder the spectator identifies with Norman Bates persona. Suddenly the spectator is anxious of cleaning up Marions blood from the bathroom and of getting rid of her car in the swamp, relating to our satisfaction with a job well done. Suspense is generated when, whilst Norman Bates is disposing of Marions car (containing her body) in a nearby swamp, the car momentarily stops sinking, an anxiety arises in the viewer (Zizek as cited in Boulton, 2010). The suspense here deals with the spectators unconscious identification with Bates. This identification has to do with Hitchcocks use of gaze, the Hippolytuss gaze. This gaze is not a seen gaze, but a gaze visualized by the Self in the field of the Others idiosyncrasy. Everything is not observed just through the others eyes but through the others personal feelings. The gaze is not the Others glance as such, but the way this glance concerns me, the way the subject sees him/herself affected by it as to his/her desire (Zizek,1992:214). The second murder scene, the murder of detective Arbogast is more predictable. The fascination of the first murder diverts our attention from the second murder. Everything that happens before the murder act seems to announce it. When Arbogast enters the mothers house and stands at the staircase, the audience immediately feel that something terrible is going to happen. However, the suspense here has to do again with this weird immoral identification of the audience with Norman. The spectator desires Arbogast to be killed (Zizek as cited in Boulton, 2010). There is a noticeable aesthetic differentiation between the two murders, which is related to the symbolic split of the movies narrative (ibid). Marions murder still being in the Name-of-the father symbolic realm, it takes place in a motel room, which highlights the aesthetic of an anonymous modern America. On the other hand, Arbogasts death takes place in mothers house which represents American tradition, in the desire of the mother symbolic space (ibid). CONCLUSIONS It is evident that psychoanalytic theory is strongly related to the cinema. Specifically, in Hitchcocks films the Freudian theoretical models are considered as a main pattern of his movies structure. Hitchcock himself has admitted when he was interviewed by Francois Truffaut: -F.T.: I saw Spellbound again recently and I must admit that I didnt care very much for the scenario. -A.H.: Well, its just another manhunt story wrapped up in pseudo-psychoanalysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Sandis, 2009:65) He might not have taken the subconscious too seriously and in his personal life he avoided doctors of the mind, as he had admitted, however, it is known that the famous director was not unfamiliar with psychoanalytic Freudian theories (Sandis, 2009). Nowadays the use of psychoanalytic theoretical models in cinema is the norm. It is not just a specialized knowledge that concerns a particular audience anymore; it is also used as a method of creating artistic, cultural products. On the other hand, not only cinema uses psychoanalytical procedure as a tool of creativity, but also cinema could be used through psychoanalytical process as a method of manipulation and control (Tania, 1968). There is a strong interaction between cinema and psychoanalysis. Members of the Frankfurt School believe that cinema is used through psychoanalysis in order to create various forms of easy, false pleasure as a way to keep the audience unaware of the real major social existing problems (ibid). This argument has some truth to a limited extent but there are also many examples which underline that cinema, using the psychoanalytical process, emphasizes serious sociological problems. However, whatever the purpose of using the psychoanalysis, the point is tha t psychoanalytical theories have a strong connection with the creation of literary or cinematic products.

Crop Circles :: essays research papers fc

Crop Circles have been found throughout the whole country. They are one of the most intriguing things that I have read and researched. There have also been many shows that I have watched that have been very interesting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first recent evidence of a crop circle was in 1966 in Tully England. The circles themselves ranged from a few inches in diameter to a few feet. There is also evidence of a crop circle in Hertfordshire, England in 1678.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There have been many theories as to why these peculiar circular shapes have appeared in peoples crops. These theories include UFO’s, energy fields, and also plasma vortexes(sine 1). There is no evidence as to how these patterns are formed. There is evidence that there is an electric field aroound some of these circles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One theory is that electrified air forms mini-tornadoes and causes the circles. This is called the â€Å"Plasma Vortex Theory†(Sine 1). Another theory that is very prominent is that all of these circles are hoaxes and were made by people to recieve publicity. Hoaxes are blamed for many of the circles especially the ones that are more complex. There have been people to admit to man making some of these circles. Two people who have admitted to this are Doug Bower and David Chorley(Sine 1). They admitted to faking around two hundred fifty cirle formations. Many of the circles that were admitted hoaxes were under suspicion because of there ragged look. Also some of the more complex and intricat ones are thought to be fakes. The amount of these circles is proof in itself and the fact that they are spread throughout the world is also proof that it is not all a hoax.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most interesting theory is that UFO’s made the circles(sine 2). there have been sightings of UFO’s and circles have been at the sight the next morning. There also has been sightingds of balls of light over the fields at night that have left these circles on the ground. When some of these circles have appeared a â€Å"sceaming†(Sine 1) noise was heard in the night along with strange nocturnal lights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sometime in the 1970’s circles appeared on the farm of a guy anmed Billy Meier’s farm. This person also had claimed to have been abducted by aliens in the past. The grass was flat but not broken just bent over.